Chemical hazardous substances

Chemicals exhibit a very wide range of different effects. Many substances are combustible or even explosive; they may be corrosive or poisonous. Sometimes, they even have a number of effects at the same time. In most cases, they have their greatest impact when they are absorbed into the body. This can take place through the skin, by ingestion or by inhalation.

Particular care is required in the case of gaseous substances. As most gases and vapours are heavier than air, they may accumulate in depressions or cellars. When chemicals are released, such places should, therefore, be avoided.

Biological hazardous substances

Biological hazardous substances include bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and toxins. They may trigger serious diseases in people. They are primarily absorbed into the body via mucous membranes (respiratory tracts, gastrointestinal tract, eyes) and the skin (wounds). In the event of the risk of absorption via the respiratory tracts, at least provisional respiratory protection should be used, e.g. dust mask.

Radioactive substances

Radiological (R) and nuclear (N) substances describe the different types of production of a radioactive contamination. Radioactive substances emit high-energy, ionising radiation. This radiation can damage living cells and kill them or cause cancer. A particular danger comes from the absorption of radioactive substances into the body. This can take place by inhalation, ingestion and through the skin (wounds). Alpha radiation (a type of ionising radiation), in particular represents a high risk potential. Here, respiratory protection helps you before you inhale it into your lungs. Ionising radiation is weakened when it passes through matter. In cellars, the weakening effect
is particularly great due to the adjacent layer of earth and the higher floors.